Atlanta, GA, USA: The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.ĪSHRAE (2010). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA, USA: The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.ĪSHRAE (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings. In: Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA.ĪSHRAE (2004). Demand response in electricity markets: An overview. However, the sensitivity of the EEMs also vary by climate zone and EPI for example, improved opaque envelope insulation and efficiency of cooling and heating systems are found to have a high energy impact in cold and hot climates.Īlbadi MH, El-Saadany EF (2007). For the selected range of efficiency levels, the results indicate that the EEMs with higher energy impacts (i.e., higher sensitivity) in most climate zones are high-performance windows, reduced interior lighting power, and reduced interior plug and process loads. Then, a Standard Regression Coefficient (SRC) sensitivity analysis method is applied to determine the sensitivity of each EEM with respect to the three EPIs, and the relative sensitivity of all EEMs are calculated to evaluate their energy impacts. Three energy performance indicators (EPIs) are defined, which are annual electricity use intensity, annual natural gas use intensity, and annual energy cost.
We start with one baseline model for each climate zone and nine candidate EEMs with a range of efficiency levels for each EEM.
In order to provide a defined guideline for projects with assumed common baseline characteristics, this paper applies a sensitivity analysis method to evaluate the impact of individual EEMs and groups these into packages to produce deep energy savings for a sample prototype medium office building across 15 climate zones in the United States. Quantifying the energy savings of various energy efficiency measures (EEMs) for an energy retrofit project often necessitates an energy audit and detailed whole building energy modeling to evaluate the EEMs however, this is often cost-prohibitive for small and medium buildings.